The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was
passed in an effort to reform the finance and governance structures in corporate America. Although the language of the Act is notoriously broad, it has mostly been applied to those in the corporate world who make missteps during investigations into their financial practices.
Then, of course, there are times when white collar crime statutes are used to prosecute fishermen who throw back undersized fish.
In 2007, a search of the
Miss Katie fishing vessel revealed that the crew had caught and retained 72 undersized red grouper. The vessel's owner, John Yates, was cited, and told to take the 72 grouper to port for seizure. Instead, Yates put the fish back in the water and replaced them with bigger fish. A port inspection revealed only 69 undersized fish, leading to officials' discovery of what Yates had done.
Prosecutors indicted and convicted Yates under a provision of Sarbanes-Oxley that provides a
maximum punishment of up to 20 years for the destruction of “any record, document or tangible object” in order to obstruct an investigation.
The case wound its way through the system before landing on the dias at the Supreme Court---and it looks like the entire panel is skeptical not of the prosecutor's classification of fish as "evidence," but of the prosecutor's decision to prosecute under Sarbanes-Oxley.